Forward Air Corporation Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

Share-Based Payments

Share-Based Payments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

The Company’s general practice has been to make a single annual grant of share-based compensation to key employees and to make other employee grants only in connection with new employment or promotions. Forms of share-based compensation granted to employees by the Company include stock options, non-vested shares of common stock (“non-vested share”), and performance shares. The Company also typically makes a single annual grant of non-vested shares to non-employee directors in conjunction with the annual election of non-employee directors to the Board of Directors. Share-based compensation is based on the grant date fair value of the instrument and is recognized, net of estimated forfeitures, ratably over the requisite service period, or vesting period. The Company estimates forfeitures based upon historical experience. All share-based compensation expense is recognized in salaries, wages and employee benefits.

Employee Activity - Stock Options

Stock option grants to employees generally expire seven years from the grant date and typically vest ratably over a three-year period. The Company used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the grant-date fair value of options granted. The weighted-average fair value of options granted and assumptions used to estimate their fair value during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:



	Three months ended
	March 31, 2016			March 31, 2015
Expected dividend yield	1.0		%	1.0		%
Expected stock price volatility	29.0		%	33.9		%
Weighted average risk-free interest rate	1.3		%	1.6		%
Expected life of options (years)	6.0			6.1
Weighted average grant date fair value	$	12		$	16

The following tables summarize the Company’s employee stock option activity and related information:



	Three months ended March 31, 2016
							Weighted-
			Weighted-		Aggregate		Average
			Average		Intrinsic		Remaining
	Options		Exercise		Value		Contractual
	(000)		Price		(000)		Term
Outstanding at December 31, 2015	786		$	32
Granted	122		44
Exercised	(38	)	23
Forfeited	(2	)	38
Outstanding at March 31, 2016	868		$	34	$	6,709	3.3
Exercisable at March 31, 2016	633		$	30	$	7,481	2.3



	Three months ended
	March 31, 2016		March 31, 2015
Share-based compensation for options	$	348	$	336
Tax benefit for option compensation	$	129	$	129
Unrecognized compensation cost for options, net of estimated forfeitures	$	2,789	$	2,609
Weighted average period over which unrecognized compensation will be recognized (years)	2.2

Employee Activity - Non-vested Shares

Non-vested share grants to employees vest ratably over a three-year period. The non-vested shares’ fair values were estimated using closing market prices on the day of grant. The following tables summarize the Company’s employee non-vested share activity and related information:



	Three months ended March 31, 2016
			Weighted-		Aggregate
	Non-vested		Average		Grant Date
	Shares		Grant Date		Fair Value
	(000)		Fair Value		(000)
Outstanding and non-vested at December 31, 2015	191		$	46
Granted	125		44
Vested	(92	)	44
Forfeited	(2	)	47
Outstanding and non-vested at March 31, 2016	222		$	46	$	10,092



	Three months ended
	March 31, 2016		March 31, 2015
Share-based compensation for non-vested shares	$	1,082	$	988
Tax benefit for non-vested share compensation	$	403	$	380
Unrecognized compensation cost for non-vested shares, net of estimated forfeitures	$	9,363	$	8,398
Weighted average period over which unrecognized compensation will be recognized (years)	2.3

Employee Activity - Performance Shares

The Company annually grants performance shares to key employees. Under the terms of the performance share agreements, on the third anniversary of the grant date, the Company will issue to the employees a calculated number of common stock shares based on the three year performance of the Company’s common stock share price as compared to the share price performance of a selected peer group. No shares may be issued if the Company's share price performance outperforms 30% or less of the peer group, but the number of shares issued may be doubled if the Company's share price performs better than 90% of the peer group. The fair value of the performance shares was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation. The weighted average assumptions used in the Monte Carlo estimate were as follows:



	Three months ended
	March 31, 2016		March 31, 2015
Expected stock price volatility	22.3	%	23.5	%
Weighted average risk-free interest rate	0.8	%	1.0	%

The following tables summarize the Company’s employee performance share activity, assuming median share awards, and related information:



	Three months ended March 31, 2016
			Weighted-		Aggregate
	Performance		Average		Grant Date
	Shares		Grant Date		Fair Value
	(000)		Fair Value		(000)
Outstanding and non-vested at December 31, 2015	77		$	52
Granted	29		49
Additional shares awarded based on performance	7		40
Vested	(33	)	40
Outstanding and non-vested at March 31, 2016	80		$	55	$	4,373



	Three months ended
	March 31, 2016		March 31, 2015
Share-based compensation for performance shares	$	351	$	302
Tax benefit for performance share compensation	$	131	$	116
Unrecognized compensation cost for performance shares, net of estimated forfeitures	$	2,805	$	2,733
Weighted average period over which unrecognized compensation will be recognized (years)	2.2

Non-employee Director Activity - Non-vested Shares

Grants of non-vested shares to non-employee directors vest ratably over the elected term to the Board of Directors, or approximately one year. The following tables summarize the Company’s non-employee non-vested share activity and related information:



	Three months ended March 31, 2016
		Weighted-		Aggregate
	Non-vested	Average		Grant Date
	Shares	Grant Date		Fair Value
	(000)	Fair Value		(000)
Outstanding and non-vested at December 31, 2015	15	$	51
Granted	—	—
Vested	—	—
Outstanding and non-vested at March 31, 2016	15	$	51	$	740



	Three months ended
	March 31, 2016		March 31, 2015
Share-based compensation for non-vested shares	$	171	$	160
Tax benefit for non-vested share compensation	$	64	$	61
Unrecognized compensation cost for non-vested shares, net of estimated forfeitures	$	114	$	96
Weighted average period over which unrecognized compensation will be recognized (years)	0.3

- Definition

The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details.

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